Tropical Weight Loss
Tropical Weight Loss
Photo: Md Jawadur Rahman
Slower walking speed in the elderly may be explained by loss of muscle strength and mass. Summary: Research has found that elderly people walk at a slower speed and tire more quickly because of loss of strength and mass in leg muscles.
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Read More »Research recently published in The Journal of Physiology has found that elderly people walk at a slower speed and tire more quickly because of loss of strength and mass in leg muscles. Using computer simulations they found that these physiological changes explain the slower walking speed preferred by the elderly, and that a focus on building up these leg muscles may be the only effective way to improve elderly walking. Walking performance, measured in terms of energy efficiency -- i.e. how far one can travel per calorie consumption -- and walking speed, has been shown to decline as people get older. The reason for this decline is unknown as ageing produces a range of physiological changes which affect gait (a person's manner of walking), but are hard to study individually. This decline in walking performance can lead to a less active lifestyle worsening the health of elderly people and is directly linked to a lower 10-year survival rate for people at age 75. The findings of this study suggest that a focus on building up muscles in the legs may be the only effective way to improve elderly walking. In other words, improving other features such as joint flexibility or walking strategy would not help normal elderly people to walk better. The research conducted at Carnegie Mellon University used computer simulations to generate physiologically and physically plausible walking behaviors in order to predict how physiological changes affect gait. The computer model consisted of a musculoskeletal system, which was designed based on human physiology, and a neural controller, which drives the musculoskeletal system to generate behaviors and has demonstrated a state-of-the-art prediction level in previous works. The physiological causes of the declined walking performance were searched by selectively 'ageing' the neuro-musculo-skeletal properties of the model (for example, changes in body mass distribution, a range of joint motions, and neural transmission delay and noise), and only the aging in muscle properties resulted in a decline in walking performance. Given that this was a simulation study the results are based on assumptions that may limit its predictive capabilities as it simplifies the human locomotor system and relies on a hypothesized neural control circuitry. Seungmoon Song, the first author of the study said, "In the long term, we plan to extend the predictive capability of our neuromechanical simulation framework, for example, to analyze pathological gaits after stroke or spinal cord injury and to prescribe optimal treatment."
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Read More »3.5 mph Walking approximately 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph) is the most efficient speed. Running efficiency appears to taper off at higher speeds. Transitioning from walking to running requires an increase of energy unlike once speculated.
Energy Expenditure (Calories / 1 mile / 100 lbs) Speed (mph) 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 Walking 61 56 52 50 58 65 73 Running 89 87 85 84 83 81 80 79 78 78 77 77 76 75 75 Walking approximately 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph) is the most efficient speed. Running efficiency appears to taper off at higher speeds. Transitioning from walking to running requires an increase of energy unlike once speculated. The primary stimulus for the transition from walking to running [Preferred Transition Speed (PTS)] is prompted by the perceived or imminent fatigue and discomfort in the tibialis anterior and other dorsal flexion muscle of the ankle (Hreljac 1995, Prilutshy et al 2001). Usain Bolt was the fastest human on record during the 100 meter sprint at 44.72 km/h (27.79 mph). That was the average speed between the 60th and the 80th meter. Calories calculated from regression formulas adapted by ACSM (ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription). See Walk/Run Metabolic Calculator based on these formulas. Hreljac A (1995). Determinants of the gait transition speed during human locomotion. Journal of Biomechanics. 28: 669-677. Prilutsky BI, Gregor RJ (2001). Swing-and support-related muscle actions differentially trigger human walk-run run-walk transitions. Journal of Experimental Biology. 204: 2277-2287.
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