What is water diabetes?

hopkinsmedicine.org - Diabetes Insipidus - Johns Hopkins Medicine

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What is diabetes insipidus?

Diabetes insipidus (DI), also called water diabetes, is a condition marked by increased thirst and urination. It is not to be confused with the more common type of diabetes, diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes). Four underlying conditions can lead to DI. Central DI is the most common type and is caused by destruction of part of the pituitary gland that produces vasopressin, which regulates water balance and urine output from the kidneys. In infants and children, this is often an inherited condition. Other causes include tumors, infections and head injury. Nephrogenic DI occurs when the pituitary produces enough vasopressin but the kidneys fail to recognize it because of an inherited or acquired kidney disease. Maintaining proper water balance by drinking enough fluids is critical for children with DI, as they tend to lose a lot of water with frequent urination, which can lead to life-threatening dehydration. However, drinking too much water is also dangerous, as it may lead to a rare condition called water intoxication.

Symptoms

Increased thirst

Frequent urination

Increased urine volume

Pale or colorless, watery urine

Night-time urination (nocturia)

Fatigue due to frequent nighttime urination and interrupted sleep

Diagnosis

Definitive diagnosis is most often made with:

Water-deprivation test: The child must abstain from drinking fluids for a period of time, after which their urine is tested to determine the concentration of particles. Vasopressin test: The body’s reaction to vasopressin after the hormone is injected in the body Hypertonic saline infusion test: A mixture of water and salt is given intravenously and then the patient’s blood is tested for particle concentration and vasopressin levels.

When to Call for Help

If you see any of the above symptoms in your child or teen, call your pediatrician. Increased urination and odorless, pale urine should always be red flags as they may signal water imbalance. Children with DI are also at an increased risk for dehydration if they don’t replenish the loss of water, so they need to be observed for signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, sluggishness, muscle weakness, dizziness, few or no tears when crying, rapid heart beat, fever, lack of sweating and extreme thirst.

Treatment

Medications that deliver synthetic vasopressin are the therapy for central DI. For nephrogenic DI, water pills (diuretics) are used.

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sciencefocus.com - How long before extra calories show on the scales?

Asked by: Joyce Burley, Hull

If you step on the scales as soon as you have eaten a jam doughnut for lunch, you will weigh an extra 70g, because this is the mass of the doughnut itself. But 22g of this is water, which you’ll lose over the next few hours in your breath and urine. You’ll lose another 2g sometime tomorrow, when you poop out the small amount of dietary fibre. The other 46g is digested and if your body doesn’t immediately need it to grow or for energy, it is stored as fat. A 2012 study at Oxford University found that the fat in your food ends up on your waistline in less than four hours. Carbohydrate and protein take a little longer, because they need to be converted into fat in the liver first and it takes nine calories of protein or carbohydrate to make 1g of fat. Altogether, that doughnut has about 225 calories. Around 100 of those come from the 11g of fat in the doughnut, which will be on your waistline by teatime. Then the 125 calories of carbs and protein will be converted into another 14g of body fat sometime tomorrow, unless you hit the gym after work and burn it off again. Subscribe to BBC Focus magazine for fascinating new Q&As every month and follow @sciencefocusQA on Twitter for your daily dose of fun science facts.

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