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What in the urine indicates starvation?

If for any reason the body cannot get enough glucose for energy it will switch to using body fats, causing an increase in ketones in the body. This results in more ketones in urine.

patient.info - Ketones in Urine: Causes and Tests - Patient.info

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Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for fuel. Normally these ketones will be completely broken down (metabolised) so that there are very few ketones in the urine. If for any reason the body cannot get enough glucose for energy it will switch to using body fats, causing an increase in ketones in the body. This results in more ketones in urine.

What are ketones?

Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for energy. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from carbohydrate in your diet. But stored fat is broken down and ketones are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (glucose) for energy or if your body can't use blood sugar (glucose) properly. Ketones are usually formed in the liver and are broken down so that very small amounts of ketones appear in the urine. However, when carbohydrates are unavailable (for example, in starvation) or can't to be used as an energy source (for example, in diabetes), fat becomes the main source of energy and large amounts of ketones are made. Therefore, higher levels of urine ketones indicate that the body is using fat as the major source of energy. High levels of ketones in your body can cause tummy (abdominal) pain, feeling sick (nausea), being sick (vomiting) and diarrhoea. The ketones that most often appear in the urine when fats are burned for energy are called acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

What are the causes of urine ketones?

The causes of high levels of ketones and therefore urine ketones include:

Poorly controlled diabetes.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Starvation: not eating for prolonged periods (for example, 12 to 18 hours).

Anorexia nervosa.

Bulimia nervosa.

Alcohol dependency.

Ketogenic diet (high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet). This can cause an increase in body ketones but much less than DKA and not usually harmful to the body. Ketogenic diets have been used as a treatment for epilepsy.

How to test for ketones

Ketones can be tested using a blood test or a urine test. The urine ketone test is performed using test strips. There are several reasons why a urine ketone test may be needed: It is a convenient way to monitor diabetes in addition to monitoring blood glucose levels, especially when the glucose levels are high and there is a risk of DKA. It is also useful for people on a high-fat or low-carbohydrate diet to monitor and check ketone levels. Ketone testing is also used for someone who cannot eat due to fasting or to eating disorders like anorexia. Pregnant women with diabetes should also be monitored with a ketone test.

Are urine ketone test strips reliable?

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Occasionally the urine ketone strips are positive but there aren't any urine ketones. The causes of this include:

If you are taking some medicines - for example, levodopa, sodium valproate.

If you are taking vitamin C.

If your body is very dry (dehydration).

One of the main problems with urine ketone testing is that there is a delay in the urine becoming positive to ketones. You may have a sudden increase in the level of ketones in your blood but there will be a delay in detecting the high level of urine ketones. Equally your urine may also be positive to ketones because ketones have passed into your urine over the previous few hours, even though your blood ketone levels have already started to fall. On other occasions the urine ketone strips may be negative when there are actually urine ketones. Most urine testing kits detect acetoacetate, not the main ketone, which is beta-hydroxybutyrate. It is possible for the test to be negative with high levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate.

What's the link between diabetes and ketones?

Severe insulin deficiency causes an increase in blood sugar (glucose) levels (hyperglycaemia) and a very high level of ketones in the blood and urine (ketoacidosis). Urine is tested for ketones as part of monitoring of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Monitoring of ketones is important in all people with diabetes:

When they feel unwell. See the separate leaflet called Diabetes and Illness for more information. When the diet is low in carbohydrates or they are doing a lot of exercise.

In pregnant women with diabetes and in gestational diabetes.

When blood sugar levels are high (over 15 mmol/L).

If you have diabetes and there is a high level of urine ketones then you should contact your GP or diabetes team immediately. If you feel very unwell or a urine ketone test result is more than 2+ then there's a high chance you have DKA, requiring emergency medical care and treatment in hospital immediately.

Diabetic ketoacidosis

DKA is a serious problem that can occur in people with diabetes if their body starts to run out of insulin. This causes ketones to build up in the body, which can be life-threatening if not spotted and treated quickly. DKA mainly affects people with type 1 diabetes but can sometimes occur in people with type 2 diabetes. If you have diabetes, it's important to be aware of the risk and know what to do if DKA occurs. Symptoms of DKA include:

patient.info - Ketones in Urine: Causes and Tests - Patient.info

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