What causes drastic weight loss?

Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, develops when your thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. These hormones control many functions in the body, including metabolism. If your thyroid is overactive, you'll quickly burn calories even if you have a good appetite. The result can be unintentional weight loss.

healthline.com - Unexplained Weight Loss: 13 Causes and Treatment Options - Healthline

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Overview Unexplained weight loss, or losing weight without trying, can be a cause for concern. It might indicate an underlying condition. A good rule of thumb is to see your doctor if you’ve lost a significant amount — more than 5 percent of your weight — within 6 to 12 months. In addition, take note of any other symptoms to talk over with your doctor. Remember, not all weight loss is serious. It can happen after a life-changing or stressful event. However, unintentional weight loss may be a sign of one of these medical conditions. 1. Muscle loss Muscle loss, or muscle wasting, can lead to unexpected weight loss. The major symptom is muscle weakness. One of your limbs may even look smaller than the other. Your body is made of fat mass and fat-free mass, which includes muscle, bone, and water. If you lose muscle, you’ll lose weight. This can happen if you don’t use muscles for a while. It’s most common in people who don’t exercise, work desk jobs, or are bedridden. Generally, exercise and proper nutrition will reverse muscle loss. Other possible causes of muscle loss include: injuries, such as broken bones

aging

burns

stroke

osteoarthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

osteoporosis

multiple sclerosis

nerve damage

2. Overactive thyroid Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, develops when your thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. These hormones control many functions in the body, including metabolism. If your thyroid is overactive, you’ll quickly burn calories even if you have a good appetite. The result can be unintentional weight loss. Other symptoms include: fast, irregular heart rate

anxiety

fatigue

heat intolerance

sleep troubles

hand tremors

light periods in women Possible causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves’ disease

thyroiditis

eating too much iodine

taking too much thyroid medicine Treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on your age and severity of your case. Generally, it’s treated with anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, beta-blockers, or surgery. 3. Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that makes your immune system attack the lining of your joints, leading to inflammation. Chronic inflammation can speed up metabolism and reduce overall weight. Symptoms of RA include joint swelling and pain. It usually affects the same joints on both sides of your body. If you have RA, your joints might feel stiff if you don’t move for an hour or more. The exact cause of RA is unknown. It may be linked to: age

genes

hormonal changes

smoking

secondhand smoking

obesity Treatment of RA typically begins with medication. Medications include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroids, biologics, and Janus associated kinase inhibitors. 4. Diabetes Another cause of unwanted weight loss is type 1 diabetes. If you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, your body can’t use glucose for energy. This causes high blood glucose. Your kidneys remove unused glucose through urine. As sugar leaves your body, so do calories. Type 1 diabetes also causes: frequent urination

dehydration

fatigue

blurry vision

excessive thirst

excessive hunger Treatment of type 1 diabetes includes insulin, blood sugar monitoring, diet modifications, and exercise. 5. Depression Weight loss may be a side effect of depression, which is defined as feeling sad, lost, or empty for at least two weeks. These emotions interfere with daily activities, such as going to work or school. Depression affects the same parts of the brain that control appetite. This can lead to poor appetite, and eventually, weight loss. In some people, depression may increase appetite. The symptoms vary from person to person. Other symptoms of depression include: constant sadness

loss of interest in hobbies

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low energy

poor concentration

sleeping too little or too much

thoughts of death or suicide

irritability Behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, and antidepressants are used to treat depression.

6. Inflammatory bowel disease Unexpected weight loss may be a symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a term that encompasses several chronic inflammatory disorders of the digestive tract. The two most common types are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The chronic inflammation of IBD puts your body in a catabolic state, which means that it’s constantly using up energy. IBD also disrupts ghrelin, the hunger hormone, and leptin, the satiety hormone. This results in decreased appetite and weight loss. Additional symptoms include: diarrhea

stomach pain

bloating

bloody stools

fatigue These symptoms are triggered by certain foods. If you have IBD, you might be hesitant to eat. Treatment of IBD usually consists of nutritional support, medication, and in some cases, surgery. 7. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease. This includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Many people with COPD have both. Emphysema slowly damages the air sacs in your lungs, making it hard to breathe. Chronic bronchitis causes inflammation of the airways that bring air to your lungs. This produces mucus, coughing, and breathing issues. Early COPD is mild. Some people may not show symptoms but those that may appear include: shortness of breath

wheezing

chest tightness

mild coughing, with or without mucus In later stages, COPD can cause weight loss. Labored breathing burns a lot of calories. According to Cleveland Clinic, a person with COPD may need 10 more times more calories to breathe than a person without COPD. It can also feel uncomfortable to eat and breathe at the same time. Symptoms of severe COPD also include: swelling of legs, ankles, or feet

low muscle endurance

fatigue The main cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Long-term exposure to irritants such as air pollution and dust can also lead to COPD. Treatment includes medications, such as bronchodilators, and lung therapies, like oxygen therapy. 8. Endocarditis Endocarditis causes inflammation of your heart’s inner lining, or endocardium. It develops when germs —usually bacteria — enter the bloodstream and collect in your heart. Most people with endocarditis have a fever. This may come along with a poor appetite. Elevated body temperature also increases metabolism and burns fat, causing weight loss. Other symptoms include: heart murmur

coughing, with or without blood

abdominal pain

chest pain

difficulty breathing

night sweats

back pain

headache

red or purple spots on the skin Endocarditis is rare in healthy hearts. It’s more likely to affect people with damaged heart valves, artificial heart valves, or congenital heart defects. Treatment of endocarditis includes antibiotics and surgery. 9. Tuberculosis Another cause of unexplained weight loss is tuberculosis (TB), a contagious condition that usually affects the lungs. It’s caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Weight loss and decreased appetite are major symptoms of TB, but the reasons aren’t fully understood. TB spreads through the air. You can catch TB without getting sick. If your immune system can fight it, the bacteria will become inactive. This is called latent TB. Over time, it can turn into active TB. Symptoms include: bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or more

chest pain

coughing up blood or phlegm

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fatigue

night sweats

chills

fever Some people are at risk for active TB. This includes people with weak immune systems, especially those who have: low body weight

substance use disorder

diabetes

silicosis

leukemia

Hodgkin’s disease

HIV

organ transplant TB is typically treated with a course of antibiotics for six to nine months. 10. Cancer Cancer is the general term for diseases that cause abnormal cells to quickly divide and spread. According to the American Cancer Society, one of the first signs may be unexplained weight loss of 10 pounds or more. This is common with cancers of the pancreas, lung, stomach, and esophagus. Cancer increases inflammation. This promotes muscle wasting and disrupts appetite-regulating hormones. A growing tumor may also increase your resting energy expenditure (REE), or how much energy your body burns at rest. Early symptoms of cancer also include: fever

fatigue

pain

skin changes Many conditions can cause these symptoms. Sometimes, cancer doesn’t cause any symptoms. Treatment depends on the type of cancer. Typical treatments include, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. 11. Addison’s disease Addison’s disease develops when the immune system attacks the adrenal glands. In turn, the adrenal glands can’t make enough hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol regulates many functions, including metabolism and appetite. Low levels of cortisol may lead to poor appetite and weight loss. Other symptoms of Addison’s disease include: low blood pressure

chronic fatigue

muscle weakness

salt cravings

hyperpigmentation Addison’s disease is rare, affecting roughly 1 in 100,000 people in the United States. Treatment includes medications that’ll regulate your adrenal gland. 12. HIV | HIV HIV attacks immune cells called T cells. This makes it difficult to fight infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Advanced forms of these conditions often cause weight loss. Symptoms like sore throat, mouth sores, and fatigue can make eating uncomfortable. HIV also increase the risk of secondary infections, which increase REE. Other symptoms of HIV include: fever

chills

rashes

night sweats

swollen lymph nodes

muscle aches Symptoms of HIV depend on the person and stage of infection. Antiretroviral therapy is used to treat HIV and stop the spread of the virus and may improve weight loss. 13. Congestive heart failure Weight loss is a complication of congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF develops when the heart can’t fill up with enough blood, the heart can’t pump blood with enough force, or both. It may affect one or both sides of the heart. If you have CHF, your digestive system can’t receive enough blood. This can lead to nausea and early fullness. Additionally, it might be hard to breathe while eating. The inflammation in damaged heart tissue also speeds up metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss. CHF symptoms also include: shortness of breath

persistent coughing

swelling

fatigue

fast heart rate There are several medications used to treat CHF, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics. In some cases, surgery might be necessary.

healthline.com - Unexplained Weight Loss: 13 Causes and Treatment Options - Healthline

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