Photo: Lisa Fotios

Do legs get skinnier with age?

It is a progressive loss of lean muscles as you get older, particularly in your arms and legs. Loss of muscle mass is an inevitable part of ageing, but the loss of too much muscle results in a condition known as sarcopenia, which literally means 'poverty of the flesh. '

rnz.co.nz - Muscle wasting and 'skinny fat' in old age | RNZ

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Lifting weights and doing resistance training should be part of the recipe for a healthy old age, according to a gerontology expert at the University of Otago. Debra Waters says that sarcopenia or muscle wasting is a major contributor to frailty as we get older. She also says that sarcopenic obesity, or ‘skinny fat’ is a growing but under-recognised health risk for the elderly. Subscribe to Our Changing World for free on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, RadioPublic or wherever you listen to your podcasts Sarcopenia is to muscle what osteoporosis is to bone. It is a progressive loss of lean muscles as you get older, particularly in your arms and legs. Loss of muscle mass is an inevitable part of ageing, but the loss of too much muscle results in a condition known as sarcopenia, which literally means ‘poverty of the flesh.’ It is one of the main reasons we become frail as we age and it puts us at greater risk from falls. Associate Professor Debra Waters, Director of Gerontology Research in the Department of Medicine at the University of Otago, says that sarcopenia is as relevant to young people as it is to old people. That is because how much muscle mass you have when you are younger, in your 20s and early 30s, helps determines how much you’ll have when you’re old. Start on resistance training in your youth, she says, and you will enjoy the dividends with a healthy old age. Debra says that there is debate in the scientific community about how to exactly clinically define sarcopenia. It is generally diagnosed from a DEXA muscle scan, as well as a combination of simple strength indicators such as grip strength or how strong your hands are, walking speed and sit-to-stand, or the ability to rise from a chair without using your arms.

The good news is that sarcopenia is not inevitable.

Debra says it is possible to slow muscle loss, with resistance training and “getting adequate amounts of protein in your diet.” “Progressive resistance exercise is the best,” says Debra. “And the weight-bearing exercises that we’ve always said are so important are still important, but it generally is not enough [on its own].” So walking is good, but weight lifting as well as walking is better. Debra says this might not have to be a regular visit to the gym. It might just be walking up a steep hill, rather than on the flat.

‘Skinny fat’

Sarcopenic obesity is a growing problem. Debra describes it as being ‘skinny fat.’ Your weight and even your BMI might seem to stay the same as you age, but an increasing amount of fat is masking the fact that you are also losing both muscle and bone mass. Debra says that sarcopenic obesity is “a tricky beast because it is hard to identify.” “That combination of high fat and low muscle is really detrimental to function” and to health. She says that managing sarcopenic obesity is a combination of weight loss and a protein-rich diet, while slowly increasing amounts of exercise to build muscle mass.

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Can an apple a day make you lose weight?

Yes. A research review, which included data from five human trials, concluded that apples are associated with weight loss. Apples are low in calories and provide a good source of fiber that helps fill you up. This can also help people more successfully follow a weight loss diet.

everydayhealth.com - Apples 101: Benefits, Weight Loss Potential, Side Effects, and More

For such a small fruit, apples pack a huge health punch, potentially helping with:

Disease Prevention

Apples are packed with a variety of disease-fighting phytochemicals, says Kristin Kirkpatrick, RDN, a dietitian with the Cleveland Clinic who is based in Colorado. There are many lifestyle forces working against your health — like stress, lack of sleep, or sitting too much — that generate free radicals. Of course, an apple cannot alone make up for any of those, but getting more antioxidants into your diet will help support your body’s defenses against diseases like cancer, notes the American Cancer Society. (3)

Supporting Immunity

What’s more, apples contain vitamin C: One medium-size fruit has 9 percent of your daily value. “That’s not as much as an orange, but vitamin C is important for immunity,” says Kirkpatrick. Maintaining a healthy immune system is especially important in the fall and winter, when cold and flu season is in full swing, so any extra bump in C helps. Finally, apples pack an impressive amount of fiber — about 10 percent of your daily recommended amount in just one apple. This comes from a combination of both insoluble fiber (from the peel) and soluble fiber (from the pectin in apples), explains Kirkpatrick. Fiber in general slows down digestion to help keep blood sugar balanced. Insoluble fiber will promote bowel movement regularity, while pectin is associated with both cardiovascular and gut health. (4)